The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China Thesis

The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China - Thesis Example The main reason for the study is that most countries across the world have for the past engaged and created a relationship with the ‘west’ especially the United States since it has been renowned as the world super power. The current investigation is a perfect example of how GCC which has member states such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have taken a bold step in ‘looking east’ in order to satisfy the needs of each other especially economically,   politically and further. In fact, it could be argued that since the terrorist attack in the United States in 2001 among other related issues, most countries across the world with the inclusion of the GCC member states have now opted to break new grounds in the East by declaring their interest in participating and getting involved in China’s progression. Moreover, this study is aimed at ensuring that there is clear justification on why the   GCC member states have resolved on approaching China in most if not all their developments. In fact, the study will seek to discuss reasons as to why other countries, particularly in the developing world, understand the impact that is likely to emerge when there is the continuous growth of attention between the GCC and China.   The relationship between these two entities is continually intertwined since the GCC is renowned worldwide for the production of oil, gas and other energy-related products necessary in stabilizing, and further enlarging the economic power that is needed by China for the world at large.

Origins and Principal Teachings of the Sacred Scriptures of Judiasm Essay

Origins and Principal Teachings of the Sacred Scriptures of Judiasm - Essay Example Sinai† (Robinson, pp. 50-59). Judaism is a belief grounded within the sacred, moral, as well as communal regulations as they are expressed in the ‘Torah’. Jews talk about the Bible as the ‘Tanakh’, an acronym for the wordings of the ‘Torah, Prophets, as well as Writings’. Other holy texts consist of the ‘Talmud’ and ‘Midrash’, the rabbinic, officially permitted, and narrative understandings of the Torah. The modern subdivisions of Judaism fluctuate on their understandings as well as functions of these texts (Robinson, p. 99). The four most important activities within Judaism these days are conventional, traditionalist, transformation, and Reconstructionist, respectively ranging from conventional to moderate to faithfully progressive within their use of Torah. Though varied in their outlooks, Jews carry on to be integrated on the foundation of their common association to a set of holy accounts communicating their a ssociation with deity as a sacred people. Judaism tends to highlight practice on faith. Jewish reverence is centered in synagogues, which totally substituted the Second place of worship following its devastation during 70 C.E. Jewish spiritual leaders are known as rabbis, who supervise the several customs and rituals necessary to Jewish spiritual practice. â€Å"The Jews are not a race† (Robinson, p. 392), because they include inhabitants of all colors and ethnic kinds. Jews determine the issue of classification by depicting themselves as citizens, with uniqueness, which includes components together with religious conviction, traditions, language and historical recollection. It follows that Judaism is more than a belief or a faith system. It might best be explained as a sacred way of life, beginning in the historical description of the Jewish citizens. In this sense, â€Å"Jews perceive themselves as a family unit, tracing their beginnings to the ‘Biblical Patriarchsâ €™, usually dated as 1900 BCE (Before the Common Era)† (Robinson, pp. 190-215). As they travelled all over the world, the Jewish inhabitants carried with them particular religious as well as ethical standards, brilliant writing and a sense of ongoing history - the belief recognized as Judaism. Jews have faith in a single God who has no form or shape, who is both the maker as well as the ruler of the universe, and who lays down an ethical rule for humankind. In particular, â€Å"the conventional view of Jewish beginnings is founded on the patriarchal accounts found in the Hebrew Bible† (Solomon, p. 50-56). These accounts reveal an effort by the early Israelites, the antecedents of the Jewish inhabitants, to trace the origin of their population to single family unit that started to discriminate itself from those of other early cultures by the respect of one God. Even though these texts were written more or less a thousand years subsequent to the incidents explained, t hey are a consequence of the allegories linked with the historical origins of what people passed down verbally through the generations. Jews outline their descent, in addition to the origins of their religious conviction, to the â€Å"Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob† (Robinson, p. 283). The liberation of the Jews in Europe during the 19th century led to the growth of ‘Progressive Judaism’, mainly within Germany, which wanted to settle in Jewish rule and

Non-communicable diseases Diseases of Excess

Non-communicable diseases Diseases of Excess Non-Communicable diseases often referred to as Diseases of Excess or Diseases of Affluence are increasing in both rich and poor countries. What factors are contributing to this trend? What are the implications for public health policy? Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) where as Disease is a condition where any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown (Dorlands Medical Dictionary, 2007). Disease can be divided broadly into two categories as Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases (on the basis of its spread). Communicable disease is a disease which can spread from one individual to other through any carrier/organism (Malaria, HIV/AIDS, etc). It is also known as Infectious or Contagious disease. There are many factors responsible for the cause of communicable diseases like social, environmental, sanitation and education. Non Communicable disease is a disease which is not communicated from one individual from another (Hypertens ion, Cancer, etc). It is also known as Chronic diseases because these diseases takes lot of time to show the sign and symptoms within an individual. The major causes for NCDs are lifestyle, habits like smoking and alcohol, inadequate diet and physical inactivity. Communicable diseases was reported to be the major cause of death in earlier time where as Non Communicable diseases(NCDs) are of major threat in current era except in some countries like Africa where still people die out of infections. In some countries like USA, the leading cause of death in 1900s was tuberculosis and pneumonia where as these diseases are secondary nowadays and their places are acquired by the cardiovascular diseases on the top and cancer being the second. The main reason for the reduction in communicable diseases are the improvement in diagnosis, treatment, sanitation, nutrition, housing, working conditions, preventive measures such as immunization, evolution of life saving drugs like antibiotics and sulpha drugs. Non-Communicable diseases or Non-Infectious diseases are caused by factors mainly behavioural, lifestyle and heredity and which cannot be transmitted to other individual. It is also caused as the Disease of Affluence or the Disease of Excess as it is caused due to negligence or disturbance caused in the normal routine lifestyle which is mainly found in the upper class of the society where there is more chances of misbalance between diet and work can be seen. Few of the examples which come under non communicable diseases are Heart diseases, Stroke, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, etc. Acc. to WHOs statistics in 2008, Heart Stroke has become the leading cause of death globally leaving behind the infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, etc. In 2003, there was an estimated 56 million death globally, out of which 60% death was supposed to be due to non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2003). Among NCDs, 16 million deaths resulted from cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Stroke; 7 million from Cancer; 3 ·5 million from Chronic Respiratory Disease; and almost 1 million from Diabetes (Ibid). Apart from these, mental health problems are also the leading contributors to the burden of disease in many countries nowadays and play a major role in contributing to the severity and incidence of other NCDs. NCDs are now considered to be the major threat contributing 59% of death in 2000 and predicted to account for 73% by 2020 (WHO, 2002). NCDs are also termed as a Disease of Affluence due to incidence and prevalence mainly in the developed countries (Anand K et al, 2007). But according to them, this seems to be a misleading term as the NCD trend is increasing at a higher pace in middle and low income countries leaving them in a double burden of Communicable diseases as well as NCDs. It can more appropriately be labelled as Disease of Urbanisation (Ibid). Several studies done by them have proved that the NCDs and its risk factors are found in higher proportion among urban population than rural population. Their study shows that urban population has increased during past decade due to migration where as urban growth is stabilized at 3%. Contrary to it, the urban slum growth rate has doubled which has made the situation worse as these migrated poor people living in urban areas will adopt the NCD lifestyle but will not be in a condition to access the healthcare due to their poor purchasing ability. Study shows a high prevalence of NCDs risk factor in the urban slums of Haryana, India. The population residing in the slums is at high risk than the urban population due to poor access as well as no social and health support system for them. This requires an urgent intervention which can work at national, community as well as local level. A framework of the policy is required at national level which has tobacco and alcohol control measures, promotion of good diet and involvement of proper exercise. Simultaneously, reorientation and strengthening of the governments health system is needed to face the challenge of NCDs community level efforts to create an environment which promotes adoption of healthy behaviors. To overcome this situation, government has started the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) which provides a rational basis for decision making and impl ementing public health interventions and also ensures involving the slums as well (Ibid). A survey was being conducted by Anand et al in urban areas slums of Faridabad District, Haryana, India, in February 2003 to June 2004 for checking out the prevalence of NCDs in urban poor people. Their study followed the STEPS approach of WHO where questions related to tobacco use, alcohol intake, diet, physical activity were included and history of treatment for hypertension, diabetes, physical values like height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were also measured. They surveyed 1260 men and 1304 women of age 15-64. The result came out of this survey was very alarming. The rate of smoking and alcohol drinkers were high among urban slums male population. Almost one third of the population had at least one risk factor. Alcohol consumption among younger population indicates gradually falling economy of the country in the coming future. The table 1 (Appendix) shows that NCDs are the leading cause for the death in both developed and developing countries except some countries like Africa where still today, there is more number of death due to communicable diseases than NCDs. In 2003, 2 ·8 million CVD deaths occur in China and 2 ·6 million in India. NCDs contributed substantially to adult mortality with central and eastern Europe having the highest rates (WHO, 2003). The Table 2 (Appendix) shows that the developed countries have seven NCDs out of ten leading risk factors which are contributing to the global burden of disease, where as six and three out of ten with low and high rates of mortality respectively, in the developing countries. These NCD risk factors are increasing at a higher rate in the developing countries and assumed to continue in the same manner for the next two decades. Chronic diseases attribute to the 46% of the global burden of the disease, Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs), in particular. Although some of the communicable diseases are still prominent in the some parts of the Africa, Asia and Latin America, deaths mainly due to chronic diseases were reported in five out of the six WHO regions (Africa, America, South east Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific and Europe). In developing countries also, 79% of the deaths are reported due to the chronic diseases. Incidence and prevalence of obesity, diabetes, cancers, respiratory diseases and other NCDs are increasing all over the world (Murray and Lopaz, 1996). Developing country like China has experienced an epidemiological transition shifting from the infectious to the chronic diseases in much shorter time than many other countries. The pace and spread of behavioral changes, including changing diets, decreased physical activity, high rates of male smoking, and other high risk behaviors, has accelerated to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the burden of chronic diseases, preventable morbidity and mortality, and associated health-care costs could now increase substantially. China already has 177 million adults with hypertension; furthermore, 303 million adults smoke, which is a third of the worlds total number of smokers, and 530 million people in China are passively exposed to second-hand smoke. The prevalence of overweight people and obesity is increasing in Chinese adults and children, because of dietary changes and reduced physical activity. Emergence of chronic diseases presents special challenges for Chinas ongoing reform of heal th care, given the large numbers who require curative treatment and the narrow window of opportunity for timely prevention of disease (Gonghuan Y et al, 2008). Common Non-Communicable Diseases Cardiovascular diseases include all the heart diseases like hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, etc. Annually, 17 million deaths are reported mainly due to the CVDs globally out of which 80% are reported in low and middle income countries with a continuous increasing trend (Reddy and Yusuf, 1998). Acc. to Lenfant, CVD will be the leading cause of the death by 2010 in the developing countries due to changes brought about by urbanization and industrialization. Due to costly and prolonged treatment cost of CVDs, developing countries are at greater prevalence for the risk factors, higher incidence of disease and higher mortality (Reddy, 2002). Diabetes is increase in blood sugar level in a person. International Diabetes Federation has released the statistics in 2003, according to which diabetes patients will going to increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in 2030 and at that time every 3 out of 4 living person will be diabetic. The age of diabetic patients in developing countries is comparatively more than developed countries. The cases found in developing countries are above the age of retirement which may lead to conditions like blindness, amputations, kidney failure and heart diseases (Boutayeb and Twizell, 2004). Cancer and its type are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. It is known to be the major cause for the mortality and morbidity. More than 10 million new cases and over 7 million deaths from cancer occurred in 2000 (Shibuya et al., 2002). Developing countries contributed by 53% in incidence and 56% in deaths. By 2020, there will be an increase of around 29% cases in developed countries and 73% in developing countries (Mathers et al., 1999). Lung, breast, stomach, colorectal and liver cancer are the most frequent in developing countries. Cancer and its related types can be treated on a preventative basis. Early detection and control of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol can be said to be the cornerstones in this process because it is estimated that over one third of the cancer types are preventable and around one third are potentially curable if they are detected early (Alwan, 1997). Other NCDs includes chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, mental and depressive disorders, osteoarthritis, hearing loss and disorder of vision (WHO, 2003). They all contribute mainly to the burden of disease in developing countries. Conditions such as obesity and high blood pressure also has a double impact, either as a disease or as a risk factor for other NCDs (WHO, 2004). Risk Factors The life expectancy at birth has increased since 1970 in all the high, middle and low income countries (UNDP, 2005). Due to this factor, longer life span has resulted in the predominance of the chronic diseases in the population. The epidemiological transition has resulted in the higher proportion of the adults population due to decline in fertility rates and the infant mortality rates. The behavioural risk factors like smoking and nutritional transition towards diet having high fat, high sugar with low carbohydrates and fruits along with the physical inactivity and increase in alcohol consumption have become the greatest health challenge in the 21st century (Magnusson, 2007). The environmental causes are also responsible for the emergence of NCD as an epidemic. These factors have brought up the nutrition transition by industrialisation of the food production, expansion of the market economies in the developing countries, the growth of the complex supply chain management at a global level, rapid growth of supermarket in the developing world and the growing concentration of global food manufacturers (Ibid). Some other key factors like rising incomes, production of cheap and low energy-dense foods, growing urbanisation and increase in growth in demand for pre-packed food are also the major risk factors for NCDs (Ibid). The evolution of NCDs has put up a double burden on low and middle income countries. Diabetes and lung cancer are also reflecting rise in the rate of smoking and obesity which are called to be the major risk factors for the NCDs (Leeder, 2004). In the year 2001, 17 million people died due to heart diseases where as 3 million people died due to AIDS (Ibid). During this year, heart disease and stroke were the leading cause of death in both high income and low-middle income countries, accounting for 27 and 21% population respectively. Out of all, 83% of death occurred in the developing countries (Ibid). Evidence has shown that CVD occurs at an early age in developing countries, consuming their productive years of life. Globally, obese people are also increasing at a higher pace with a far higher number overall in developing countries. Due to this, diabetic patients are also increasing with more number falling in the 45-65 age group (Ibid). Tobacco causes 4.8 million premature deaths in the year 2000, half of which were in the developing world (Ezzati and Lopez, 2003). Since 1975, cigarette consumption has decreased sharply in the developed countries, but it is continuously rising in developing countries due to the rapid increase in population. More than 1 billion smokers lives in the developing counties out of 1.3 billion smokers globally which indicates that forthcoming threat of tobacco related epidemic will impact the developing world. Even after non smoking awareness programme through out the world, there will be around 1.45 billion smokers in 2025 (Guindon and Boisclair, 2003). Tragically, half to two third of the chronic smokers will die out of their habit (Jamison et al, 2006). Peto and lopez has estimated that if this trend continues, 10 million people will die every year because of tobacco where 7 out of 10 will be from the developing countries resulting in around 150 million death till 2025. The ageing of populations, mainly due to falling fertility rates and increasing child survival, are an underlying determinant of non-communicable disease epidemics. Additionally, global trade and marketing developments are driving the nutrition transition towards diets with a high proportion of saturated fat and sugars. This diet, in combination with tobacco use and little physical activity, leads to population-wide atherosclerosis and the widespread distribution of non-communicable disease. Globally, many of the risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases are due to lifestyle and can be prevented. Physical inactivity, Western diet, alcohol and smoking are prominent causes for the NCDs and its risk factors. Tobacco is number one enemy of public health (WHO, 2000). It is the most important established cause of cancer but also responsible in CVDs and chronic respiratory disease. In the twentieth century, approximately 100 million people died worldwide from tobacco-associated diseases such as cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes and CVDs. Half of the 5 million deaths attributed to smoking in 2000 occurred in developing countries where smoking prevalence among men is nearly 50%. Today, 80% of the 1.2 billion smokers in the world live in poorer countries and, while tobacco consumption is falling in most developed countries, it is increasing in developing countries by about 3.4% per annum. However, albeit these striking facts, the majority of developing countries which signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) (Joossens, 2000) remain passive about the control of smoking. Obesity and dietary habits represent potential risk factors for CVDs (Kenchaiah et al., 2002), type 2 diabetes (Drewnowski and Specter, 2004), and some types of cancer (Key, 2002), especially in absence of physical activity (Derouich and Boutayeb, 2002 and WHO, 2003b). Fish is considered to be a useful food intake to prevent CVDs and reduction of CVD associated deaths (Stampfer, 2000). Similarly, intake of an adequate quantity of fresh fruit and vegetables is recommended to help reduce the risk of coronary disease, stroke and high blood pressure (WHO, 2002). But, developing countries finds it more fruitful to export most of the quality fruits and vegetable production in exchange of the foreign currency. Alcohol causes more than 2 million deaths every year in the world. It is particularly associated with liver disease and esophageal cancer. The increase in alcohol consumption in developing countries will add other hazards caused by violence and road accidents to the burden of disease. Public health policy and its implications Lee, Fustukian and Buse provide a helpful framework for disentangling four dimensions of global health policy-making (Lee et al, 2002) as:- * Policy Actors They are the power (political) who can drive the policy and decision making at a global level. In case of NCDs, United Nations, WHO, FAO, WTO, World bank, Codex Alimentarius Commission, etc. * Policy Process Process through which policy is developed and implemented. Interactions and relationship between policy actors. * Policy Context For NCDs, its global. * Policy Content Effective strategy should address universal prevention , selective or primary prevention for high risk group and targeted or secondary prevention and treatment for those with existing conditions. It is pretty clear that NCDs has its roots in unhealthy lifestyles or adverse physical and social environments. Risk factors like unhealthy nutrition over a prolonged period, smoking, physical inactivity, excessive use of alcohol, and psychosocial stress are among the major lifestyle issues. Now to our understanding, it is known that what has to be done so we have to work more on how to do it (Aulikki et al, 2001). Well planned community programmes can be a successful step towards this process. Several factors like cultural, psychological, political and economical factors has created a gap between what needs to be done and day to day happening in the developing countries because of which major health challenges cannot be achieved. So, a community programme will help in bridging this gap and also helps in changing the NCD related lifestyles (Ibid). . The policies made at an international level also require global processes which can help to achieve a stable policy change at a country level, thus reducing the long term harm associated with it. International law is an example for this type of process. Multilateral agreements contain legally binding obligations, such as the WHOs Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). FCTC includes hard law conventions. FCTC is an evidence-based treaty that identifies core areas of agreement over regulatory measures that involved countries are leally required to implement within their own domestic systems (WHO, 2005). Apart from FCTC, there are some soft law resolutions and declarations too, like United Millennium Declaration and WHOs Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH). WHO also worked in the area of chronic, lifestyle related diseases through Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH, 2004). It works on a strategy which builds on the role of t obacco, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity in the most NCDs. GSDPAH works in close relation with the UN agencies, the WTO, World Bank, other Development banks, Codex Airentarius Commission (WHO, 2004). One of the most significant health development programs within the United Nations system is the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are a global partnership embracing ambitious goals to be achieved collectively within 15 years timeframe from 2000-2015 (Magnusson, 2007, p 6). The MDGs and FCTC serve as helpful models when considering ways of strengthening the global response to non-communicable diseases. The ideal step for developing countries to overcome the NCD epidemic and they have to plan and implement accordingly to control NCDs. Each community based prevention programmes require the same principles to be followed. As an example, The North Karelia Project in least developed areas of Finland which was based on low cost lifestyle modifications and community participation (Puska P et al, 1981). The reason to follow the general principle can be the collaboration between countries and different international organizations working on the similar fields and projects like WHOs countrywide Integrated Non Communicable Disease Intervention (CINDI, 1985). Even these sort of integrated programmes like CINDI were implemented in developed countries; they are now followed by the developing countries too. Many of these programmes are carried out in conjunction with the WHO integrated programmes, which was started in 1986. After the success of CINDI programme, American regional office had also l aunched CARMEN (AMRO) programme in 1990s. With the regional development experience, WHO has launched similar programme in Asian and African networks. In Latin America, Cuba is carrying out the NCD prevention programme from long time with the collaboration with the WHO activities where Havana and Cienfuegos as the main sites. Chile also participated in the Interhealth Programme CARMEN and was the first Latin American country to join this programme and many other countries followed it. Argentina has started PROPRIA heart health intervention as an active network at various demonstration sites (Aulikki, 2001). Africa has started community based CVD prevention programme long time back. Nigeria, Mauritius and united republic of Tanzania participated in Interhealth Programme and gained the positive responses. Mauritius intervention programme recorded considerable effect of nutrition policy and education interventions on diet and serum cholesterol levels, although rates of obesity and diabetes increased (Dowse G et al, 1995). Asias community-based initiatives have been initiated in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Iran and other countries. Particularly active development has taken place in China, where the Interhealth Programme was involved in initiatives in Tianjin and Beijing (Tian et al, 1995) . The Tianjin project in China was one of the major project launched in 1984 in China. This project was also cooperating groups in Finland, China and USA for NCD control since 1989. This project focused on 4 leading NCDs of China, i.e. stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer and hypertension. The aim of this project was to reduce sodium intake in the population, decrease smoking especially among men and provide hypertension care by reorganizing the existing primary health care services. The result of this project shows a significant reduction in the sodium intake after three years and also reduction in number of patients of Obesity and hypertension among 45-65yrs old after five years of the intervention. Smoking cases were also reduced among men, especially those with the higher education (Aulikki et al, 2001). Health education and the media campaigns also play an important role in the community programmes. Media campaigning although leaves the less impact on the population, it is one of the effective measure in the comprehensive package. Health service intervention such as primary care centre in the long run can also be one of the most effective intervention tools. This strategy can more appropriately work where certain biological risk factors such as hypertension and high blood pressure are dealt with. Primary health care workers played an important role in both North Karelia project and Tianjin project (Ibid). The North Karelia project worked on a concept of Community organization where various sectors of the community were collaborated and involved. It involved many non governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Housewives` organizations. It is not easy to collaborate with the industries and businesses at a small community but a classic example for it is finlands cholesterol level, which reduces with the support and collaboration of the food industries, who supported the policy decisions (Puska P et al, 1986). Aulikki et al had made some recommendations for a successful NCD prevention program which must include the following factors. A good understanding of the community, close collaborations with the various community organisations and the involvement of the local population is important for any community intervention programme. It should combine well planned media and provide some communication messages in the community activities. It should involve different elements such as primary health care workers, food industries and supermarkets, voluntary organisations, schools work places, and local media for its success. It should be cost effective, mainly in the developing countries. For this reasonable outcome, effective dose intervention is a very important requirement (Aulikki et al, 2001). The increasing NCDs burden should be controlled by the developed and developing countries as a global health priority. International organisations with the national, regional and each individuals contribution can make these programme a success. Controlling of risk factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, diet and inactivity, sexual and environmental factors are must and should be considered seriously and worked upon to treat it. The poverty and the high cost of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases causes burden on many countries and thus demands for international solidarity and public private partnership. The coordination of health decision makers, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, community groups and individuals is must for controlling the incidence of diseases, preventing the spread of epidemics and regulate the health management of human and material resources (Boutayeb, 2005). WHO is a political champion for coordinating global response. The developin g countries face problem in the implementation and enforcing the policies that are set up by the international legal standards which have a normative role and also these legal standards are not self executing, so compliance can be monitored by the NGOs and government. A global approach in a way like this could reduce health inequalities (Magnusson, 2007). REFERENCES  · Anand K, Shah B, Yadav K, Singh R, Mathur P, Paul E, Kapoor S K (2007), Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad, The National Medical Journal of India, Vol. 20, No. 3,   p 115-120.  · Aulikki Nissinen, Ximena Berrios, Pekka Puska (2001), Community-based non-communicable disease interventions: lessons from developed countries for developing ones, Bull World Health Organvol.79no.10.  · Beaglehole R, Yach D (2003), Globalization and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults, The Lancet; 362: 903-08. * Boutayeb Abdesslam (2006), The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 100, Issue 3, Pages 191-199 .  · Countrywide integrated non-communicable diseases intervention (CINDI) Programme. Copenhagen, WHO, Europe, 1995. * Dowse G (1995), Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius, British Medical Journal, 311: 1255 ¾1259. * Ezzati M, Lopez A (2003), Estimates of Global Mortality Attributable to Smoking in 2000. TheLancet, 362:847-852. * Guindon G, Boisclair D (2003), Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco Use-Health, Jamison D, Breman J, Measham A, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D (2006), Priorities in Health, Washington DC, World Bank.  · Horton Richard (2005), The neglected epidemic of chronic disease, The Lancet, Volume 366, Issue 9496, Page 1514. * Lee K, Fustukian S, Buse K (2002), An Introduction to Global Health Policy, Health Policy in a Globalising World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2002:3-17. * Leeder S, Raymond S, Greenberg H, Liu H, Esson K (2004), A Race Against Time: The Challenge of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Economies, New York, Columbia University. * Magnusson R S (2007), Open Access Non-communicable diseases and global health governance: enhancing global processes to improve health development, Globalisation and health; 3:2.   (http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/3/1/2). * Mehan M B, Srivastava N, Pandya H, (2006), Profile of noncommunicable disease risk factor in an industrial setting, J Postgrad Med;52:167-173. * Miranda J J, Kinra S, Casas J P, Smith G D , Ebrahim S (2008), Non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: context, determinants and health policy, Trop Med Int Health; 13(10): 1225-1234. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687091). * Murray J L and Lopez A D (1996), The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA.  · Puska P (1981), The North Karelia Project: Evaluation of a comprehensive community programme for control of cardiovascular diseases in North Karelia, Finland, 1972-1977, Copenhagen, WHO, Europe. * Semenciw R M, Morrison H I, Mao Y, Johansen H, Davies J W , Wigle D T. (1988), Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Adults: Results from the Nutrition Canada Survey Cohort, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.17, No.2, p 317-324.  · Reddy K S (2002), Cardiovascular diseases in the developing countries: dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action, Public Health Nutrition 5, pp. 231-237.  · WHO (2002), Reducing Risk: Promoting Health Life, World Health Organization, Geneva, Annual Report. * WHO (2003b), Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of Chronic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Report Series No. 916.  · WHO (2004), Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, WHA57.17.  · WHO (2005), WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHA56.1 * Yusuf S, Reddy K S, Ounpu S, Anand S (2001), Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Part I: General considerations, the epidemiological transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization, Circulation 1

The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." Poe was brought up partly in England (1815-20), where he attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. Later it became the setting for his story 'William Wilson'. Since Poe was never legally adopted, he took Allan's name for his middle name. Poe attended the University of Virginia (1826-27), but was expelled for not paying his gambling debts. His expulsion led to a quarrel with All an, who refused to pay the debts. Allan later disowned him. In 1826 Poe became engaged to Elmira Royster, but her parents broke off the engagement. During his stay at the university, Poe wrote some stories, but not much is known of his beginning works. In 1827 Poe joined the U.S. Army as a common soldier under an assumed name, Edgar A. Perry. He was sent to Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which provided settings for his tales 'The Gold Bug' (1843) and 'The Balloon Hoax' (1844). Tamerlane and O... The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." Poe was brought up partly in England (1815-20), where he attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. Later it became the setting for his story 'William Wilson'. Since Poe was never legally adopted, he took Allan's name for his middle name. Poe attended the University of Virginia (1826-27), but was expelled for not paying his gambling debts. His expulsion led to a quarrel with All an, who refused to pay the debts. Allan later disowned him. In 1826 Poe became engaged to Elmira Royster, but her parents broke off the engagement. During his stay at the university, Poe wrote some stories, but not much is known of his beginning works. In 1827 Poe joined the U.S. Army as a common soldier under an assumed name, Edgar A. Perry. He was sent to Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which provided settings for his tales 'The Gold Bug' (1843) and 'The Balloon Hoax' (1844). Tamerlane and O...

Methods of Transportation

Roads are expensive pieces of infrastructure. While airlines has lowered the cost in their tickets and rented cars are cheaper. It is still more expensive than taking the bus to travel outside the city. The perks for taking the bus is convenience. You wont have to worry about driving for long periods of time. For instance, GO transit operates with fares that go from $6 to $10 dollars if you are going outside Toronto. Depending where you are going you might get a day-pass for just $12.All in all is the cheapest way to travel. Rail travel is one the most and green ways to get outside Toronto. Trains allow you to travel in safety and comfort. They pollute less and you won't have to worry about weather conditions. While sometimes they could be more expensive than taking the bus, it is an option to consider if the price for your destination it is the same. For example, GO transit offers really good prices. If you go to Saukville the price would be the same as taking the bus.The only real difference are the advantages of the train such as comfort, fatty, practical and environmental friendly. While renting a car to travel outside the city might be the most expensive way there is one thing people love about the idea, freedom. One thing to keep in mind is that renting a car give you the possibility to move around once you get to your destination. For instance, Enterprise Rent-A-Car gives you the option during the winter season to rent a car as low as $9. 99 per day from Friday to Monday.This is a option to consider if you plan to stay a few days out of town. While traveling by train or bus might be cheaper at end could be more expensive since you will have to spend money at the local transit. Renting a car might seems its disadvantages. The price compared to taking the bus or train. Drive for long periods of time. And you might have to pay for parking. But if think about it the option of going anywhere at anytime and you won't have access to local transit, renting a car is not as bad as it seems.

Corporal Punishment in Public Schools

Corporal punishment is the intentional use of physical pain as a method of changing behavior. Numerous nations have prohibited the use of corporal punishment in public schools, but the United States of America is a special case. Thirty states have prohibited the use of corporal punishment in public schools while twenty states have not, Texas being one of them. The use of corporal punishment in public schools should be prohibited because it restricts a student's academic success, facilitates aggression and violence in an adolescent's behavior, all while having no clear evidence that it actually works.Corporal punishment creates an unhealthy educational environment which directly correlates with impeding students' academic performance. Even though one student receives punishment, this affects all the students who witness it, constructing â€Å"an environment of education that can be described as unproductive, nullifying, and punitive† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment in Schools†). Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear in the classroom which can severely hurt a student's ability to do well in school.Studies show that â€Å"as a group, states that paddled the most improved their scores the least,† while â€Å"the ten states with the longest histories of forbidding corporal punishment improved the most† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment in Schools and†¦ †). Today, succeeding in high school is very important, and with good reason. How well a student does in high school is what paves their way to a good college. Corporal punishment is used to deter bad behavior, but it puts students at a very serious disadvantage against students who learn in non-corporal punishment states.By definition, corporal punishment is said to change the behavior of the victim so that he or she will not act in the same way again, although there is no concrete evidence that supports this claim. In fact, â€Å"no clear evidence exists that such punishment lead to better control in the classroom† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment in Schools†). Thinking logically, hurting a child/adolescent will not result in better behavior because pain does not explain why bad behavior is wrong. A child/adolescent's brain is still developing, so just hurting an child/adolescent and then thinking that everything will be better is backward thinking.â€Å"Physically punishing children has never been shown to enhance moral character development or increase the students' respect for teachers or other authority figures in general,† meaning corporal punishment is not even capable of doing what it is supposed to do (â€Å"Corporal Punishment in Schools†). Corporal punishment is being used ineffectively and the consequences far outweigh the potential good that it doesn't do. Though corporal punishment is effective in a short period of time, it causes more harm than good.In school, student's are taught to be nice to others and to handle sit uations with a logical and calm mind, but corporal punishment â€Å"promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society† and â€Å"encourages children to resort to violence because they see their authority figures or substitute parents using it† (â€Å"Corporal Punishment in Schools†). Essentially, children and adolescents are being told that violence is okay and that if someone steals someone's pencil, then it is okay to go up to that person and start hitting them.Yes, spanking, paddling, and other forms of corporal punishment are â€Å"quick and it's effective – and that's true,† but that is all it is, quick and effective (â€Å"More Than 200,000 Kids Spanked At Schools†). A student may behave for a week, a month, maybe even for the rest of the school year, but corporal punishment cannot keep the behavior of a child/adolescent under control for the rest of his/her life. The memory of being hit is no t so profound that it deters him/her from robbing a bank, or breaking into someone's home when he/she is thirty years old and can take care of themselves.â€Å"Corporal punishment has also been linked to criminal and antisocial behaviors, likely because corporal punishment does not facilitate children's internalization of morals and values† (Barwick). If a victim of corporal punishment starts a family and their child misbehaves, physically hurting the child will probably be the first though to come to mind. Corporal punishment creates a cycle of violence and pain because of the lasting physical and mental scars it can leave. Thus, corporal punishment should be prohibited in all states of the United States of America. A deleterious classroom environment restricts a students academic success.In the U. S. A. , twenty states have legalized the use of corporal punishment in public schools, even though there is no clear evidence that corporal punishment does indeed change the behav ior of the inflicted for the better. What corporal punishment is linked to is reinforcement of aggression and violence in the behavior of the injured when he/she are older. Corporal punishment does control the behavior of a child/adolescent temporarily, it does not help in the long run, which is what school is about; school prepares the individuals of the future for the rest of their lives.